PROBLEMS OF RURAL SCHOOLS IN SEMIPALATINSK GOVERNORATE AND WAYS TO ADDRESS THEM: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE 1920s

Abstract

The article examines the process of forming and reorganizing schools in the villages and districts of the Semipalatinsk Province in the 1920s. The research is based on archival materials,statisticaldata,andofficialreportsthatillustratethedevelopmentoftheeducationalsystem intheregion. Thearticleprovidesadetailed analysisofthe measures implemented intheeducationalsphere based on the decrees of the People's Commissariats of Education and the directives of local authorities.Theauthorshighlight bothpositiveand negativeaspectsoftheneweducationalpolicyin theregion.Specialattentionisgiventotheprocessofexpandingthenetworkofprimaryruralschools, their material and technical conditions, as well as the degree of influence of the authorities and the rural community on the development of rural education.The article comprehensively examines the initiatives aimed at establishing primary schools, communal schools, peasant youth schools (PYS), and pedagogical courses. Significant attention is paid to archival data reflecting the challenges faced by representatives of nomadic villages in the process of education.A separate focus is placed on the role of local authorities and the rural public, who playeda significantroleinpromotingeducationandculturalenlightenment.Thearticleaddressestheproblems faced by the organizers of the educational process, including the shortage of personnel, educational materials, insufficient number of school buildings, as well as the impact of political and economic factors on the development of the educational system in the region.In conclusion, it is noted that Soviet educational policy not only charted a new course in the field of education but also significantlyinfluenced the upbringing of the rural population. It is concludedthattheSoviet educationalsystemcoveredtheentireregionand laidthe foundationforthe subsequent development of a secular educational system in the republic.